Why is this important?
The consumption of key materials required for industrial production is projected to grow significantly until the end of the century. Steel consumption could roughly double, aluminium triple, and plastics quadruple.(1) Even with 100% low-carbon energy by 2050, Material Economics estimates that CO2 emissions from material production largely exceed the carbon budget that is typically allocated to these sectors to limit global temperature rise to 2°C.(1)
Recycling materials and making “more out of the materials we already have” is a key strategy to achieve the green transition. The scope for action is vast: recycling rates are currently low across materials. 60% of EU steel production is from raw materials, only 10% of plastics are recycled.(1) The same goes for textiles, of which only 13% are recycled after use.(2)
What is the solution?
Using a certain percentage of recycled materials in non-food items such as kitchen sets, blankets, clothes, is a relatively easy way to reduce the carbon and environmental impact of the production of these products. In close collaboration with suppliers, the optimum percentage of recycled input can be determined, whilst keeping quality standards and durability at a maximum.
Products made from recycled materials require much less energy and resources than those made from new raw materials.(3) However, the recycling process as well as the production of a new product from recycled input requires nevertheless energy and resources. Therefore, this solution should be implemented once other options to keep non-food items in use were exhausted in line with the 7R approach.
Key actions
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#1 Identify key items
Identify the key non-food items in terms of carbon and environmental impact. At the organisational level, high climate impact is either associated with a large number of items or a few high-emitting items.
Base the analysis on carbon footprint data, or, if not available, expenditure data and, ideally, a rough estimate using publicly available emission factors. For environmental impact, carry out a qualitative analysis of potential impacts on the local environment based on the most purchased items (spend data and quantity).
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#2 Assess potential per item
Review the materials currently used and assess if there is potential to include recycled content for each of the key items. Start with items for which it is relatively easy to include recycled content (such as textiles) or for which alternative materials are available.
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#3 Engage with suppliers
Check with suppliers the availability of items with recycled content and – depending on the size of the order and depending on internal processes – ask for product samples. Check the offer of other suppliers who can potentially provide more sustainable options.
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#4 Ask for certifications
For certain materials, such as textiles, certifications (see below) are available that facilitate the verification of recycled content.
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#5 Update procurement criteria
Depending on the product and the maturity of the market, integrate the requirement to include a certain % of recycled materials in technical specifications or as a preferred option that comes with a higher rating when awarding the contract. Gradually extend these requirements to more products.
To consider
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Potential co-benefits
- Reduction of environmental and social impacts linked to the reduction of the need for extraction and transformation of new raw materials (water, air and soil pollution, destruction of ecosystems)
- Reduced waste (including in open dumps) due to higher recycling rates
- Increased resilience by reducing the dependence on raw materials
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Success Conditions
Consultation with multiple and new suppliers to gain market insights on availability and impact of products with recycled content
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Prerequisites & Specificities
- Availability of recycled material
- Where possible, favour closed-loop recycling approaches to maximise the possibility of recycling materials multiple times (e.g. using textile waste instead of rPET for textiles)
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Potential risks
- Higher costs, depending on the material and the availability of recycled options on the market
- In some cases, negative impact on the quality or longevity of a product
- In some cases, presence of contaminants, such as phthalates, flame retardants or heavy metals. Put in place safety standards to mitigate the risk, including asking for test reports. Products containing them should be avoided where possible, especially if alternatives are available
Point of attention
In an ideal circular economy, materials circulate at their highest value and without degrading their properties. Closed-loop recycling, where materials are recovered and recycled for the same purpose, should be preferred to open-loop recycling. One example is textile recycling. Currently, 99% of recycled polyester is made from recycled PET plastic bottles (rPET). As demand for high-quality recycled plastic from different industries is rising (bottle industry, packaging, other industries), the market for rPET became increasingly competitive. Textile-to-textile recycling is key to ensure the availability of recycled materials in the future.(8)
Furthermore, although downcycling has clear advantages, it should be used as a last resort. This open-loop recycling process transforms material waste into a new material or product of lower quality or value. For example, using textile waste for lower-value applications, such as insulation material, wiping cloths or mattress stuffing makes it difficult to recover and recycle the materials again and will likely constitute their final use.(2)
Certifications for recycled content in textiles
Recycled Claim Standard (RCS)
The Recycled Claim Standard (RCS) is a chain-of-custody standard for tracking recycled raw materials through the supply chain. The objective of this international, voluntary standard is to increase the use of recycled materials. The standard applies to all products containing at least 5% recycled content. Refer to the section on sustainability standards for further information.(8)
Global Recycled Standard (GRS)
The Global Recycled Standard (GRS) —going beyond the RCS—includes additional criteria for social and environmental processing requirements and chemical restrictions. The goal of the GRS is to increase use of recycled materials in products and reduce/eliminate the harm caused by its production. The GRS includes a higher (50%) minimum recycled content percentage and additional social and environmental requirements related to processing and chemical use.(17)
Cradle to Cradle (C2C)
Cradle to Cradle Certified® is the global standard for products that are safe, circular and responsibly made.(18)
Lessons learned
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Be ambitious
Put at least 25% recycled fibres in the requirements for textiles.(14)
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Select experienced suppliers
Select companies which have experience of using recycled and organic fibres and have some ability to influence production.(14)
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Use functional specifications
To facilitate the response to the recycled content requirements by manufacturers, it was found beneficial to focus on functional specifications rather than descriptive technical ones i.e. focus on the ability of an item to perform its function rather than on technical values such as tensile strength.(19)
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Allow more time
When asking the market to work with new materials or in new ways, it is also necessary to give more lead-in and response time in order to adequately consider and prepare non-traditional offers. The result is that companies are able to research and develop new products which meet higher sustainability specifications (27).
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Do not include price ceilings for pilots
With specific regards to piloting, the Dutch Ministry of Defense recommends that price caps based on existing prices and costs should not be introduced, as coming to a pilot with such expectations may limit the potential for development of new areas.
“[…] applying circular economy strategies in just five key areas (cement, aluminium, steel, plastics, and food) can eliminate almost half of the remaining emissions from the production of goods – 9.3 billion tonnes of CO2e in 2050 – equivalent to cutting current emissions from all transport to zero.”
Ellen MacArthur Foundation, Completing the Picture. How the Circular Economy Tackles Climate Change, 2021, p. 8, (20)
Tools and good practices
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Textile Exchange, Preferred Fiber & Materials Report, 2022
The Preferred Fiber and Materials Market Report is a comprehensive annual publication which provides unique data and insights and helps the industry to measure progress towards its goals. The report covers the market for the key fibers and materials.
Explore here -
Textile Exchange, List of certified suppliers
Textile Exchange built a list of certified companies to support organisations in sourcing certified textile materials, including, but not limited to, recycled materials.
Explore here
To go further
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ADEME, Modelling and assessment of the environmental impacts of consumer products and capital goods (in French)
The study provides environmental impact data for key categories of long life consumer goods, such as electrical appliances, textiles, clothing and footwear, furniture based on a life cycle analysis approach. The summary document contains an English translation.
Explore here -
Textile Exchange, Guide to Recycled Inputs, 2021
The document provides an overview and explanation of different methods of textiles recycling, notably mechanical and chemical recycling.
Explore here -
Ellen MacArthur Foundation, Featured circular economy examples: Fashion
The platform provides a range of innovative examples of a circular economy approach to textile sourcing.
Explore here -
Material Economics, The circular economy. A powerful force for climate mitigation, 2018
This report takes a first step towards quantifying the potential for circular economy opportunities to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. It examines the key materials flows and value chains, identifies relevant circular economy approaches, and explores their cost-effectiveness.
Explore here -
Ellen MacArthur Foundation, What are the limits to recycling? (Video)
A 1-minute video that explains the limits of recycling.
Watch here
A more circular approach to textile procurement at the Ministry of Defence of the Netherlands
Non-food items
Procurement
Technical specifications
Supplier engagement
Sources
(1) Material Economics, ‘The Circular Economy: A powerful force for climate mitigation’, Material Economics, 2018, Available here, (accessed 10 September 2025).
(2) Ellen MacArthur Foundation, ‘A New Textiles Industry: Redesigning fashion’s future’, Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2017, Available here, (accessed 10 September 2025).
(3) Project Drawdown, ‘Recycled Plastics’, Project Drawdown, Available here, (accessed 10 September 2025).
(4) ADEME, ‘Produits en caoutchouc et en plastique’, ADEME, Available here, (accessed 10 September 2025).
(5) Material Economics, ‘Industrial Transformation 2050’, Material Economics, 2019, Available here, (accessed 10 September 2025).
(6) The Climate Action Accelerator, ‘2025 Summary presentation LCA results’, The Climate Action Accelerator, 2025, Available here.
(7) The Climate Action Accelerator, ‘LCA Plastic Mattress’, The Climate Action Accelerator, 2025, Available here, (accessed 10 September 2025).
(8) Textile Exchange, ‘Preferred Fiber and Materials Market Report 2022’, Textile Exchange, 2022, Available here, (accessed 10 September 2025).
(9) gov, ‘USAID NFI BPA Kitchen Sets, Buckets, Aquatabs’, SAM.gov, 2022, Available here, (accessed 10 September 2025).
(10) gov, ‘USAID BHA Non Food Item (NFI) Blanket Purchase Agreement’, SAM.gov, 2021, Available here, (accessed 10 September 2025).
(11) Textile Exchange, ‘2025 Recycled Polyester Challenge’, Textile Exchange, 2022, Available here, (accessed 10 September 2025).
(12) Remill, ‘Turning waste back into new products’, Remill, Available here, (accessed 10 September 2025).
(13) Combekk, ‘The First Sustainable Cookware Brand’, Combekk, Available here, (accessed 10 September 2025).
(14) Procura+, ‘Sustainable textiles for the fire service’, Procura+, 2017, Available here, (accessed 10 September 2025).
(15) Electrolux, ‘Sustainability Report 2021’, Electrolux, 2022, Available here, (accessed 10 September 2025).
(16) Dutch Ministry of Defense, ‘Workwear Dutch Ministry of Defense’, Dutch Ministry of Defense, Available here, (accessed 10 September 2025).
(17) Textile Exchange, ‘The RCS and GRS are designed to boost the use of recycled materials’, Textile Exchange, Available here, (accessed 10 September 2025).
(18) Cradle to Cradle, ‘Cradle to Cradle Certified’, Cradle to Cradle, Available here, (accessed 10 September 2025).
(19) Procura+, ‘Procuring textiles made from recycled fibres’, Procura+, 2018, Available here, (accessed 10 September 2025).
(20) Ellen MacArthur Foundation, ‘Completing the picture: How the circular economy tackles climate change’, Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2021, Available here, (accessed 10 September 2025).
Acknowledgements
Last updated 25th of October 2025.
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Cover photo : © Ethan Bodnar / unsplash